西兰花植株残体还田对棉花黄萎病的防治效果及其安全性评价

本研究探讨了温室和田间试验条件下西兰花植株残体还田对棉花黄萎病的防治效果以及西兰花残体对棉花生长的安全性，以期为深入研究西兰花植株残体对棉花黄萎病的生态防治机制提供依据。将粉碎的西兰花植株残体与培养基质分别按1%、3%、5%、7%和14%处理混匀，在（28±2）℃条件下分别腐解7和30 d后种植棉花，测定其对棉花出苗率、株高的影响以及对黄萎病的防治效果。研究结果表明，当腐解时间为7 d，西兰花残体处理比例为1%和3%时，棉花出苗率与不添加西兰花残体的空白对照处理不存在显著差异，但对株高具有显著促生长作用，增幅分别为19.46%、42.41%和36.96%；西兰花残体添加比例为5%、7%和14%时，对出苗具有不同程度的抑制作用。当腐解时间为30 d时，上述各比例西兰花残体处理后的棉花出苗率和株高与空白对照之间差异不显著。西兰花残体处理显著降低了棉花黄萎病的发病率和病情指数，其21 d后的防治效果达到72.55%。田间试验表明，西兰花残体在棉花全生育期内对黄萎病的防治效果为43.06%。综合分析表明，西兰花残体的施入，促进了棉花生长，降低了黄萎病的发病率和病情指数，且在发病初期的防治效果优于后期。研究结果为深入研究西兰花残体防治棉花黄萎病的生态机制提供理论依据和技术指导，最终为棉花黄萎病的绿色防控和化学农药的减量提供了新途径和思路。     

非洲猪瘟诊断与防控

生猪感染非洲猪瘟病毒后,引发机体产生发热、出血等症状,是一种发病率高、传播途径广、传播速度快和死亡率高的传染性疾病。为做好非洲猪瘟疫病检疫和综合防治,该文总结非洲猪瘟流行病学、临床症状、诊断方法和防治措施。     

3种植物生长调节剂对棉种萌发及棉苗生长的影响

采用药剂浸种回干技术，分析了稀土微量元素、芸薹素、甲哌   3种植物生长调节剂浸种处理对棉花种子萌发、出苗及幼苗生长的影响，以期为棉花生产提供参考。结果表明：1 000 mg·L^－1稀土微量元素、0.01 mg·L^－1芸薹素、50 mg·L^－1甲哌   对棉花种子萌发和幼苗促生效果较好。     

Immune Responses to Vibrio anguillarum in Yellowtail Kingfish,Seriola lalandi,Fed Selenium Supplementation

Effects of dietary selenium (Se) on immune competence of yellowtail kingfish, Seriola lalandi, were investigated. The fish were fed one of the three experimental diets including a control diet without Se supplementation and two diets supplemented with Se from Se‐yeast (Selplex) at 2 and 4 mg/kg. After feeding for 6 wk, the fish were challenged by injecting Vibrio anguillarum and observed for 2 wk. Dietary Se had no effect on feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and survival over the course of 6‐wk feeding; however, it significantly increased weight gain and Se content in muscle. Following the bacterial infection, the immune‐stimulating effects of Se were observed in antibody, lysozyme, and bactericidal responses, and there was a corresponding increase in survival and hematocrit by Se. Under infectious condition, antioxidant capacity of fish as measured in terms of resistance of red blood cells to peroxidation and glutathione peroxidase activity also increased by supplementation of Se. Liver necrosis and kidney melano‐macrophages were only seen in surviving fish fed the control diet after the challenge. Furthermore, there was evidence of myopathy in fish fed the diet without Se supplementation. This study suggests that Se, supplemented at 2 or 4 mg/kg, can improve growth and health of yellowtail kingfish.     

互花米草生境中人工巢巢捕食研究

为了研究江苏大丰麋鹿国家级自然保护区互花米草生境中繁殖鸟巢的被捕食情况及影响捕食的因素,2014年3~6月,在保护区第三核心区鸟类繁殖生境中,使用人工巢及真实鹌鹑蛋进行巢捕食实验的方法进行巢捕食实验,分析不同巢高度、覆盖度、边缘距离、植被密度等因素对鸟巢被捕食的影响。实验共放置520个人工巢,1 040枚卵,使用红外相机对部分人工巢进行监测。结果表明:在江苏大丰麋鹿自然保护区互花米草生境内,人工巢存在较高的被捕食率,共有352巢被捕食,占67.7%,对11个变量进行逻辑斯蒂回归,巢高度、植被均高、主要植被密度、距边缘距离、水平覆盖度、上层垂直覆盖度等6个变量进人最终模型,巢高度、距边缘距离与巢被捕食显著相关。通过红外相机拍摄从102个监测巢中记录到69个捕食事件,68巢黑线姬鼠(Apodemus agrarius)和1巢黑眉锦蛇(Elaphe taeniura)捕食。我们认为互花米草生境中缺乏啮齿类动物的天敌是当地人工巢被捕食的主要原因。     

TNF-α基因表达量对大围山微型鸡及武定鸡股骨强度的影响

家禽骨质特性是家禽重要的经济性状指标,研究显示肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)对人类及动物骨代谢有显著影响。为了揭示影响家禽骨强度的主效基因,研究以体重较轻、体型较小的大围山微型鸡以及大型鸡种武定鸡为研究对象,和艾维因肉鸡作对比,通过检测骨强度以及骨骼中TNF-α基因的表达量,研究TNF-α基因的表达量对大围山微型鸡和武定鸡股骨强度的影响。结果显示,4~16周龄大围山微型鸡股骨强度均显著高于武定鸡和肉鸡(P0.05),且武定鸡股骨强度高于肉鸡;每一阶段大围山微型鸡股骨软骨中TNF-α基因m RNA表达量显著低于其它两个鸡种(P0.05);相关分析显示TNF-α基因的表达水平与股骨强度指标呈负相关。可见,TNF-α基因对家禽的骨强度有重要影响,是影响家禽骨强度的重要候选基因。     

畜牧兽医执法办案应注意的问题之我见

结合畜牧兽医执法工作实践,总结了10项执法工作中经常遇到的问题,并有针对性的提出了处理建议,以便为国内畜牧兽医执法人员正确执法办案提供参考。     

免疫增强剂党参对仿刺参肠道菌群结构的影响

采用平板计数法和聚合酶链式反应( PCR)-变性梯度凝胶电泳( DGGE)技术分析免疫增强剂党参对仿刺参( Apostichopus japonicas)肠道菌群结构的影响。将初始体重为(18.00±2.00) g的仿刺参随机分为2组(对照组、试验组),每组6个重复,每个重复12只。对照组投喂海泥、鼠尾藻粉按照1∶1的质量比配制的饵料,试验组饵料中以鼠尾藻粉质量的2%添加党参,连续投喂28 d。结果表明：应用免疫增强剂党参不仅能够显著提高仿刺参的特定生长率( P<0.05),降低其饵料系数(P<0.05),而且能够显著增加仿刺参肠道内容物中异养菌的数量(P<0.05);序列统计分析显示投喂党参后仿刺参肠道细菌优质序列比例显著增加( P<0.05),试验组达97.57%,对照组仅为80.22%;Beta多样性分析反映投喂党参后仿刺参肠道微生态环境发生了变化,其多样性系数范围在14.91%~15.47%、15.47%~16.21%、14.91%~16.21%;丰度分析显示投喂党参后仿刺参肠道内容物中变形菌门( Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门( Bacteroidetes)丰度提高,疣微菌门( Verrucomicrobia)、放线菌门( Actinobacteria)和厚壁菌门( Firmiaites)丰度降低;聚类分析显示试验组与对照组肠道菌群结构相似性系数为0.97。由此可见,免疫增强剂党参可提高仿刺参的特定生长率,降低饵料系数,增加肠道异养菌数量和优势菌群丰度,优化肠道微生态环境。     

Assessment of Rhizospheric Microorganisms of Transgenic Populus tomentosa with Cowpea Trypsin Inhibitor (CpTI) Gene

To have a preliminary insight into biosafety of genetically transformed hybrid triploid poplars (Populus tomentosa × P. bolleana) × P. tomentosa with the cowpea trypsin inhibitor (CpTI) gene, two layers of rhizospheric soil (from 0 to 20 cm deep and from 20 to 40 cm deep, respectively) were collected for microorganism culture, counting assay and PCR analysis to assess the poten-tial impact of transgenic poplars on non-target microorganism population and transgene dispersal. When the same soil layer of suspension stock solution was diluted at both 1:1 000 and 1:10 000 rates, there were no significant differences in bacterium colony numbers between the inoculation plates of both transgenic and non-transgenic poplars. The uniform results were revealed for both soil layer suspension solutions of identical poplars at both dilution rates except for non-transgenic poplars at 1:10 000 dilution rates from the same type of soil. No significant variation in morphology of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was observed under the microscope. The potential transgene dispersal from root exudates or fallen leaves to non-target microbes was repudiated by PCR analysis, in which no CpTI gene specific DNA band was amplified for 15 sites of transgenic rhizospheric soil samples. It can be concluded that transgenic poplar with the CpTI gene has no severe impact on rhizospheric microorganisms and is tentatively safe to surrounding soil micro-ecosystem.